Abstract The present study applies computational intelligence techniques in the development of a hybrid model composed of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) (MLP-GA) to estimate and fill in the gaps in the monthly variables of evaporation, maximum temperature and relative humidity to six regions in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. The results were evaluated using statistical techniques and compared with results obtained by the Multiple Linear Regression (RLM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) models and also compared with the data recorded by the weather stations. The correlation coefficient (r) between the evaporation estimates generated by MLP-GA with the recorded data showed a high relationship, remaining between 0.82 to 0.97. The average percentage error (MPE) ranged from 6.01% to 9.67%, indicating a accuracy between 90% to 94%. For the maximum temperature generated by MLP-GA the correlation with the recorded data remained between 0.97 to 0.99. It also presented the MPE between 0.95% to 1.57%, maintaining the accuracy of the estimated data between 98% to 99%. The correlation coefficient (r) between the relative humidity estimates generated with the MLP-GA remained between 0.89 a 0.97, the MPE between 1.15% to 1.89%, which guaranteed a rate higher than 98% of correctness in its estimates. Such results demonstrated gains in relation to the other applied models and allowed the accomplishment of the filling of most of the missing values.

Resumo O presente estudo aplica técnicas de inteligência computacional no desenvolvimento de um modelo híbrido composto por Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) e Algoritmos Genéticos (AGs) (MLP-GA) para estimar e preencher lacunas nas variáveis mensais de evaporação, temperatura máxima e umidade relativa em seis regiões do estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de técnicas estatísticas e comparados com os resultados obtidos pelos modelos de Regressão Linear Múltipla (RLM), Perceptron de Multicamadas (MLP) e Redes de Função de Base Radial (RBF), além de serem comparados com os dados registrados pelas estações meteorológicas. O coeficiente de correlação (r) entre as estimativas de evaporação geradas pelo MLP-GA com os dados registrados mostrou uma relação elevada, permanecendo entre 0,82 e 0,97. O erro percentual médio (MPE) variou de 6,01% a 9,67%, indicando uma precisão entre 90% e 94%. Para a temperatura máxima gerada pelo MLP-GA, a correlação com os dados registrados permaneceu entre 0,97 e 0,99. Apresentou também o MPE entre 0,95% e 1,57%, mantendo a precisão dos dados estimados entre 98% e 99%. O coeficiente de correlação (r) entre as estimativas de umidade relativa geradas pelo MLP-GA permaneceu entre 0,89 e 0,97, com MPE entre 1,15% e 1,89%, garantindo uma taxa superior a 98% de acerto em suas estimativas. Tais resultados demonstraram ganhos em relação aos outros modelos aplicados e permitiram o preenchimento da maioria dos valores ausentes.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, o turismo vem sendo interpretado, pelas narrativas oficiais da gestão pública brasileira, como uma via possível para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e para a inclusão social. Desta forma, muitas experiências vem ocorrendo no mundo com este objetivo, dentre as quais, aquelas relacionadas ao denominado turismo de base comunitária ou TBC, que, em tese, busca o desenvolvimento das localidades turísticas, a partir de premissas centrais de conservação dos recursos naturais, valorização da cultura e protagonismo local. Sob essa inspiração, este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a maneira pela qual as premissas conceituais relativas ao TBC vêm sendo expressas nas narrativas de políticas públicas de turismo, no caso brasileiro, buscando contribuir para a construção de uma linha de base para orientar um debate qualificado sobre o tema, em um cenário pós-pandemia da Covid-19. Para tal, a metodologia adotada partiu de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, considerando, como universo de análise, as políticas públicas de turismo, no período entre 2003 e 2018. A análise realizada sugere que, apesar de algumas das premissas teóricas que orientam o TBC estarem expressas nos documentos mais recentes, de maneira geral interpretado, predominantemente, pela lógica do mercado nas narrativas de políticas públicas, em contradição com a base teórica, que tem orientado o debate sobre o tema. Assim, considerando essa tendência e, em um cenário de incertezas pós-pandemia da Covid-19, parece evidente o risco de instrumentalização dessa prática nas narrativas oficiais, para atender aos interesses do mercado, por meio do falso discurso de combate às desigualdades sociais.

Abstract For the past few years, tourism has been interpreted by official narratives of public policies in Brazil, as a possible route for socioeconomic development and for social inclusion. Thus, many experiments took place in the world for this purpose and, among them, the community based tourism or CBT, which in theory, seeks the development of tourist locations, based on central premises for the conservation of natural resources, valuing culture and local protagonism. Under this inspiration, this article aims to analyze the way in which the conceptual premises related to CBT has been expressed in the narratives of public tourism policies, in the Brazilian case, seeking to contribute to the construction of a baseline to guide a qualified debate on the topic, in a post-pandemic scenario of Covid-19.Therefore, the methodology adopted was based on bibliographic and documentary research, considering public tourism policies in the period between 2003 and 2018 as the universe of analysis. The analysis suggests that, despite some of the theoretical premises that guide CBT being expressed in the most recent documents, in general, this has been interpreted, predominantly, by the logic of the market in the narratives of public policies, in contradiction with the theoretical basis, which has guided the debate on the theme. Thus, considering this trend in a scenario of post-pandemic uncertainties in Covid-19, the risk of instrumentalising this practice in official narratives seems to be evident, in order to meet the interests of the market, through the false discourse of fighting social inequalities.

Resumen En los últimos años, el turismo ha sido interpretado, por narraciones oficiales de gestión pública, en Brasil, como una posibilidad para el desarrollo socioeconómico y para la inclusión social. De esta manera, se dieron muchas experiencias en el mundo con este objetivo y, entre ellas, el turismo comunitario o TBC, que, en teoría, busca el desarrollo de lugares turísticos, desde premisas centrales de conservación de recursos naturales, valorización de la cultura y protagonismo loca. A partir de esa inspiración, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la manera por la cual las principales premisas conceptuales relacionadas con TC se han expresado en las políticas públicas de turismo, en el caso brasileño, contribuyendo para la construcción de una línea de base para guiar un debate calificado sobre el tema, en un escenario posterior a la pandemia de Covid-19. Para ello, la metodología adoptada se basó en la investigación bibliográfica y documental sobre las políticas públicas de turismo en el período desde 2003 hasta 2018. El análisis sugiere que, aunque algunas de las premisas teóricas que guían el TBC se expresan en los documentos más recientes, de manera general, es interpretado por la lógica del mercado en las narrativas de políticas públicas, en contradicción con la base teórica, que ha guiado el debate sobre el tema. Por lo tanto, teniendo en cuenta esta tendencia y, en un escenario de incertidumbres pos pandémicas de Covid-19, el riesgo de instrumentalizar esta práctica en las narrativas oficiales parece ser evidente, para satisfacer los intereses del mercado, a través del falso discurso de combatir las desigualdades sociales.

Abstract Nude mice carry an autosomal recessive mutation in the Foxn1 gene and therefore are homozygous recessive animals (Foxn1 -/-). The fertility rate of homozygous male (Foxn1-/-) is low, which seems to be related to the delay in the production of gametes at the beginning of sexual maturity. The present study evaluated the structural and organizational aspects of the testicles of homozygous and heterozygous offspring related to the Foxn1 gene in mice, describing its implications on spermatogenesis. Adult males Balb/c, Foxn1+/- and Foxn1-/- mice were used. Testes and epididymis were harvested for histological, biochemical, and sperm transit analyses. Gonadal weight was significantly lower in Foxn1+/-and Foxn1-/-animals, the same behavior was noticed for the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, tubular parameters such as epithelial proportion, length, and area, as well as germ and Leydig cell’s populations were significantly reduced in the aforementioned groups, leading to lower sperm production. In conclusion, our results indicate the importance of the Foxn1 in Leydig cell’s function, reflecting in the preservation of spermatogenesis, thus in germ cell’s population and sperm cell production.

Abstract Objective: To verify the association between impacts produced by tooth loss and sociodemographic variables in the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the elderly. Material and Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study carried out in the municipality of Vitória/ES, Brazil, which sample was composed of 402 older adults. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to measure the individuals' OHRQoL. For data analysis, descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed using the Fisher's exact test and the Mantel-Haenzsel test to assess the effects of combined dimensions. The significance level adopted was 5%. To assess the strength of association between independent variables and dimensions, Odds-Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Results: The prevalence of negative impact on OHRQoL in the elderly was 32.6%. The greatest impact perception was found in individuals with up to 10 years of schooling (p=0.021 and OR=1.602), with need for removable partial dentures (p=0.000 and OR=2.873) and those who did not accept the loss of dental elements (p=0.000 and OR=3.064). Conclusion: Older female adults with socioeconomic class C/D-E, with up to 10 years of schooling, who lost 11 or more teeth, who declared the need for removable partial dentures, suffered greater impacts caused by tooth loss on OHRQoL.

Resumen La dificultad para acceder a alimentos nutritivos y frescos es un problema importante que afecta una parte considerable de la población, impidiendo la adopción de una alimentación adecuada y saludable. Por lo tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar la relación entre la presencia de desiertos alimentarios y la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica en los municipios de la microrregión Ilhéus-Itabuna, en el estado de Bahia (Brasil). Se utilizaron datos sobre el número de establecimientos Ultra procesados, Mixtos y Frescos para identificar desiertos, pantanos y oasis alimentarios. Las clases de establecimientos recibieron ponderaciones mediante la metodología AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process), y fueron procesadas usando el módulo Easy AHP de QGis 2.8.9 para obtener el mapa de desiertos alimentarios. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizaron el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Social y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal, que servieron como herramienta de comparación entre los municipios con mayor vulnerabilidad social y los ubicados en las regiones de desiertos alimentarios y pantanos. Los resultados mostraron que los lugares identificados como desiertos o pantanos correspondían directamente a lugares que tenían un alto índice de vulnerabilidad social y bajo desarrollo humano, mientras que las regiones de oasis alimentarios correspondían a ciudades con menores niveles de vulnerabilidad y mayor desarrollo humano.

Resumo A dificuldade no acesso a alimentos nutritivos e frescos é um problema significativo que atinge uma parcela considerável da população, impedindo a adoção de uma alimentação adequada e saudável. Diante disso, este artigo tem como objetivo identificar a relação entre a presença de desertos alimentares e a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica em municípios da microrregião Ilhéus-Itabuna no estado da Bahia (Brasil). Foram utilizados dados de estabelecimentos Ultraprocessados, Mistos e In Natura para a identificação de desertos, pântanos e oásis alimentares. As classes de estabelecimentos receberam pesos através da metodologia AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process), e foram processados pela extensão Easy AHP plugin do QGis 2.8.9 para obtenção do mapa de Desertos Alimentares. Para a análise dos resultados foram utilizados o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), que serviram como ferramenta para comparação entre os municípios com maior vulnerabilidade social e os que estavam dentro das regiões de desertos e pântanos alimentares. Os resultados demonstraram que as localidades identificadas como desertos ou pântanos alimentares corresponderam diretamente a locais de elevado índice de vulnerabilidade social e baixo desenvolvimento humano, enquanto as regiões de oásis alimentar corresponderam a cidades com menores índices de vulnerabilidade e maior desenvolvimento humano.

Résumé La difficulté d’accéder à des aliments nutritifs et frais est un problème important qui affecte une partie considérable de la population, empêchant l’adoption d’une alimentation adéquate et saine. Par conséquent, cet article a pour objectif identifier la relation entre la présence de déserts alimentaires et la vulnérabilité socio-économique dans les communes de la micro-région Ilhéus-Itabuna dans l’État de Bahia (Brésil). Des données sur les établissements ultra-transformés, mixtes et frais ont été utilisées pour identifier les déserts, les marais et les oasis alimentaires. Les classes d›établissements ont reçu des pondérations selon la méthodologie AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) et ont été traitées par le plugin Easy AHP de QGis 2.8.9 pour obtenir la carte des déserts alimentaires. Pour l’analyse des résultats, l’Indice de Vulnérabilité Sociale (IVS) et l’Indice de Développement Humain Municipal (IDHM) ont été utilisés et ont servi d’outil de comparaison entre les municipalités les plus vulnérables et celles situées dans les régions de déserts alimentaires et de marécages. Les résultats ont montré que les lieux identifiés comme déserts ou marécages correspondaient directement à des lieux que présentant un indice de vulnérabilité sociale élevé et un faible développement humain, tandis que les régions d’oasis alimentaire correspondaient à des villes moins vulnérables et plus développées.

Abstract The difficulty in accessing nutritious and fresh food is a significant problem that affects a considerable portion of the population, preventing the adoption of an adequate and healthy diet. Therefore, this article aims to identify the relationship between the presence of food deserts and socioeconomic vulnerability in municipalities in the Ilhéus-Itabuna micro-region in the state of Bahia (Brazil). Data on the number of ultra-processed, mixed, and in natura establishments were used to identify deserts, swamps, and food oases. The classes of establishments received weights through the AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) methodology and were processed by the Easy AHP plugin from QGis 2.8.9 to obtain the map of Food Deserts. For the analysis of the results, the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) were used, which served as a comparison tool between the municipalities with the greatest social vulnerability and those located in the regions of food deserts and swamps. The results showed that the places identified as food deserts or swamps corresponded directly to places that present a high social vulnerability index and a low human development index, while the regions of food oasis corresponded to cities with lower levels of vulnerability and greater human development.

Resumo O alto consumo de água pela agricultura torna cada vez mais essencial o conhecimento da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) para a realização do manejo da irrigação. Entretanto, definir um método adequado às diferentes localidades está associado à disponibilidade dos dados meteorológicos e a adaptação dos métodos às localidades aplicadas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar e avaliar o desempenho dos métodos de ETo: Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Benavides & Lopez e Hamon com o método padrão Penman Monteith FAO-56, para estimar a ETo diária de seis regiões, três do estado do Rio de Janeiro e três do estado do Espírito Santo. As variáveis meteorológicas empregadas foram cedidas pelo Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos e do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (CPTEC - INPE). O desempenho dos modelos foi avaliado por diferentes técnicas estatísticas onde o modelo que melhor se adaptou às localidades estudadas nos dois estados foi o de Jensen Haise, tendo obtido os índices de correlação (r) entre 0,73 a 0,94 e a confiabilidade (C) entre 0,60 a 0,90 com o modelo de Penman Monteith.

Abstract The high consumption of water by agriculture makes knowledge about reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for irrigation management more and more essential. However, define an appropriate method to the different locations is associated with the availability of meteorological data and the adaptation of the methods to the application sites. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare and evaluate the performance of the ETo methods: Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Benavides & Lopez and Hamon using the standard method Penman Monteith FAO-56, to estimate the daily ETo of six regions, three of the state of Rio de Janeiro and three of the state of Espírito Santo. The meteorological variables employed were provided by the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies and the National Institute of Space Research - (CPTEC - INPE). The performance of the models was evaluated by different statistical techniques where the model that best suited the studied locations in the two states was the Jensen Haise, obtaining correlation indexes (r) between 0.73 and 0.94 and reliability (C) between 0.60 and 0.90 with the Penman Monteith model.

Este artigo enfoca a necessidade de uma nova problematização teórica e conceitual do turismo de base comunitária ou turismo comunitário (TBC) no Brasil, explorando a teoria ator-rede como uma via possível nesse sentido. Para tanto, propõe-se contribuir para essa reflexão por meio de um breve relato da pesquisa empírica desenvolvida na Rede Cearense de Turismo Comunitário (TUCUM – Brasil), com o objetivo de descrever as suas dinâmicas de articulação e composição do TBC. Por essa perspectiva, foi possível identificar elementos não-humanos que operam nessa rede de atores. O estudo sinalizou, ainda, a importância do conceito de associação para o rastreamento de múltiplas conexões possíveis entre os atores envolvidos no TBC, na Rede TUCUM. Assim, a teoria ator-rede permitiu analisar as dinâmicas do TBC, sublinhando os movimentos de reinvenção dessa prática no contexto brasileiro.

Cet article met l'accent sur la nécessité d'une nouvelle problématisation théorique et conceptuelle du tourisme de base communautaire ou tourisme communautaire (TBC) au Brésil, en explorant la théorie de l'acteur-réseau comme une voie possible en ce sens. À cette fin, il se propose de contribuer à cette réflexion par un bref rapport de la recherche empirique développée dans le Réseau de tourisme communautaire du Ceará (TUCUM-Brésil), dans le but de décrire ses dynamiques d'articulation et de composition du TBC. De ce point de vue, il a été possible d'identifier les éléments non-humains qui opèrent dans ce réseau d'acteurs. L'étude a également signalé l'importance du concept d'association pour le suivi de multiples connexions possibles entre les acteurs impliqués dans le TBC, dans le réseau TUCUM. Ainsi, la théorie de l'acteur-réseau a permis d'analyser les dynamiques du TBC, soulignant les mouvements de réinvention de cette pratique dans le contexte brésilien.

This article focuses on the need for a new theoretical and conceptual problematization of community-based tourism or community tourism (CBT) in Brazil, exploring the actor-network theory as a possible analytical tool in this direction. To this end, contributions to this reflection will be made through a brief report of the empirical research, developed in the Community Tourism Network of Ceará (TUCUM – Brazil), to describe its dynamics of articulation and composition of the CBT. From this perspective, it was possible to identify non-human elements that operate in this network of actors. The study also signaled the importance of the concept of association for tracking multiple possible connections between the actors involved in the TUCUM Network's CBT. Thus, the actor-network theory made it possible to analyze the dynamics of the CBT, underlining the movements of reinvention of this Brazilian practice.

Resumo O objetivo deste texto é o de discutir, no interior do paradigma marxista, o que se considera ser o aspecto central do debate sobre a “Economia do Conhecimento”, e que antecede todos os demais, qual seja: a natureza e o significado da mercadoria-conhecimento. Mais especificamente, o propósito é evidenciar o caráter rentista da “nova economia”, a partir da análise crítica da tese da desmedida do valor (Eleutério Prado), e da tese da ausência de valor nas mercadorias-conhecimento (Rodrigo Teixeira e Tomas Rotta). Evidenciamos a necessidade de se avançar para níveis menos abstratos de análise, particularmente, no sentido de relacionar o rentismo às reconfigurações contemporâneas do imperialismo e da dependência.

Abstract The objective of this text is to discuss, within the Marxist paradigm, what is considered the central aspect of the debate on the “Knowledge Economy”, and that antecedes all others, which is the nature and meaning of the knowledge-commodity. More specifically, the purpose is to highlight the rentism of the “new economy”, based on the critical analysis of the thesis of unmeasurable value (Eleutério Prado), and the thesis about the valueless knowledge-commodity (Rodrigo Teixeira and Tomas Rotta). We defend the need to advance to less abstract levels of analysis, particularly in the sense of relating the rent-seeking to contemporary reconfigurations of imperialism and dependency.

Abstract The stability of colloidal suspensions of engineered nanoparticles in the environment is of great interest for the risk assessment and treatment of hazardous materials. The relevance of this study is due to the evidence that engineered nanoparticles have been produced and used in commercial products in large scale, especially ZnO and TiO2, which are transported through the environmental components interacting with soil and water, representing the high potential impact on the ecosystems. In this research, we newly investigated the influence of nanoparticles of zinc oxide (NPZnO) on the behavior of nanoparticles of titania (NPTiO2). The impact of parameters such as pH, zeta potential, ionic strength, electric conductivity, suspended nanoparticles size of the colloidal suspensions containing hazardous nanoparticles on its stability, were studied using experimental and theoretical approaches. Leaching experiments were carried out within a sandy soil column model. It was found that the NPTiO2 in suspensions enhance the stability of the nanoparticles colloidal suspensions, keeping higher nanoparticles concentrations, while NPZnO promotes rapid aggregation, improving the soil particle collector efficiency with a lower concentration in equilibrium in the colloidal suspension, which can be used for promoting environmental impact attenuation and mitigation.

Abstract Demand for iron ore worldwide has been steadily increasing, thus implying an increase in the volume of mining resulting in the extraction of ores with higher levels of silicon, phosphorus and sulfur impurities. An extensively used alternative is to perform a pre-treatment of the particles in order to reach the acceptable phosphorus limit in iron ore before its use in steel production. This study aims at the evaluation of the heating process and decrease of the phosphorus content of the particles using microwave energy in iron ore samples percolated by sulfuric acid followed by the leaching technique as a feasible route for the remotion of the phosphorus content in iron ore particles. Using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and statistical analysis techniques, it was possible to observe the characteristics of the iron ore particles after treatment with microwave energy. The results indicated that the developed process is feasible. The results of the kinetic simulation contribute to a better understanding of the phenomena of heating using microwave energy and also to the development of new cleaner technologies aiming to improve the efficiency of the acid baking - leaching technique for the reduction of the phosphorus content in iron ore particles.

Unlike the available mineral resources, the steelmaking processes have demanded raw material with lower phosphorus content to decrease the costs, energy use, and the residue generated within the steel plant. One alternative is to develop pretreatment of the iron ore concentrates producing raw materials with lower phosphorus. Depending on the mineral structure, a heat treatment combined with leaching could be an efficient way to achieve concentrates with low phosphorus (less than 0.01%), suitable for steelmaking processes. A fast and efficient way of applying energy to iron ore particles is the use of microwave to heat the particles. Thus, we propose a treatment using microwave heating while mixing with a dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, followed by quenching during leaching with water, as a feasible route for the phosphorus removal from iron ore particles. We performed a design of experiment (DOE) to investigate the optimal conditions of heating and leaching, which maximize the rate of phosphorus removal. The structure of the iron ore particles after their treatment with microwave energy was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thus, we analyze the optimal conditions for heating and leaching, the structure of the iron ore particles and which mechanism and rate equations are controlling the phosphorus removal. The results indicated that the average heating time is 10 min, the size of the crack of the order of 20µm and a leaching time of 8 min are adequate to achieve less than 0.01% of phosphorus. We demonstrated that under the most favorable combination of conditions for heating followed by leaching proposed in this study, the removal of the phosphorus content in the iron ore samples could reach 100%.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a frequência, a idade e a tendência temporal da introdução da alimentação complementar em lactentes. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo dos dados de lactentes avaliados no setor de nutrição do Programa de Atenção aos Bebês do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis entre os anos 2012 a 2015. Foram realizadas análises de sobrevivência, sendo que o desfecho considerado foi a idade até a introdução de cada alimento específico. Resultados: Foram avaliados 700 lactentes, com idade mediana de 5,5 meses. A água representou o complemento mais consumido (80,0%), seguida pela fórmula infantil (64,1%) e pelo suco (51,1%). Em relação ao início da alimentação complementar, água, fórmula infantil e chá foram os primeiros a serem introduzidos, com idade mediana de 3 meses. Destaca-se que quase um quinto dos lactentes já tinha recebido alimentos processados. A introdução da água apresentou tendência significativa de aumento ao longo dos anos, sendo que, entre os lactentes com 6 meses de idade, variou de 72,8%, em 2012, para 91,1%, em 2015. A introdução dos itens da categoria alimentos processados também apresentou tendência significativa de mudança, sendo, entretanto, de redução, variando de 30,8%, em 2012, para 15,6%, em 2015, nesta mesma faixa etária. Entre os alimentos processados, engrossantes (36,3%) e biscoitos (26,3%) apresentaram as maiores proporções de consumo. Conclusão: Água e fórmula infantil foram os alimentos mais consumidos e mais precocemente introduzidos. Entre os anos estudados, a introdução da água apresentou tendência significativa de aumento e a categoria alimentos processados de redução de consumo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze frequency, age and time trend of complementary feeding introduction in infants. Methods: Retrospective study of infants’ data evaluated at nutrition sector of Programa de Atenção aos Bebês of Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis from 2012 to 2015. Survival analyzes were performed, and the outcome considered was the time until the introduction of each specific food. Results: Participants were 700 infants, with 5.5 months of median age. Water was the most consumed supplement (80.0%), followed by infant formula (64.1%) and juice (51.1%). Regarding the beginning of complementary feeding, water, infant formula and tea were the first to be introduced, with a median age of 3 months. It is noteworthy that almost one-fifth of the infants had already received processed foods. Water introduction proportions showed a significant tendency to increase over the years, and among infants at 6 months of age, varied from 72.8%, in 2012, to 91.1%, in 2015. The introduction of processed food category items presented a significant trend of change, showing, however, a reduction from 30.8%, in 2012, to 15.6%, in 2015, in this same age group. Among the processed foods, flour based thickeners (36.3%) and biscuits (26.3%) presented the highest proportions of consume. Conclusion: Water and infant formula were the most widely consumed and early introduced foods. Among the studied years, water introduction presented a significant tendency to increase and processed foods category to reduce consumption.

Abstract A numerical model based on transport equations for momentum, energy and chemical species for the gas and solid phases is proposed to simulate the inner phenomena in the direct reduction of the shaft furnace process for producing directly reduced iron (DRI). The model is verified using industrial data for productivity, raw materials and final composition of the DRI product. The model is used to evaluate operational practices using new raw materials and the composition of the reducing gas in the process. Three cases were considered, which correspond to available raw materials commercialized by different suppliers. The effects on the gas and solid inner temperatures, pressure and phase composition distributions are quantified. The simulation results indicated that good agreement for overall parameters of the process could be achieved and afterwards, detailed features of the inner conditions of the process are predicted.

Abstract This study evaluates the stability and transport behaviors of hazardous nanoparticles into soil landfills using experimental procedures to simulate the effects of natural silica nanoparticle suspensions during their percolation into the soil layers of municipal waste landfills. For this, we prepared stabilized suspensions of nanoparticle oxides containing silicon (NPSiO2), titanium (NPTiO2), copper (NPCuO) and zinc (NPZnO), which are recognized as hazardous to the environment, and we conducted leaching experiments within the soil column by simulating landfills layers and simulating the capture and attenuation of nanomaterials into municipal waste landfills. The results demonstrated that the presence of NPSiO2 in suspensions increases the stable concentrations of copper, zinc and titanium oxides and strongly decreases soil layer effectiveness. In contrast, NPZnO improves effectiveness due to its ability to promote agglomeration and setting conditions, allowing further complexation.

The properties of the super duplex stainless steels (SDSS) are strongly affected by the thermal history imposed by welding procedures. The controlled dual phase microstructure (ferrite and austenite) guarantee excellent mechanical properties such as mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, in addition to small thermal expansion coefficient and high thermal conductivity. In this paper, we newly proposed a model able to predict the thermal history of the welding pieces coupled with local mechanical properties developed during welding procedure that combine the effects of temperature and phase changes during welding. We applied inverse method to fit the thermophysical parameters based on measured data. The model was verified by comparing measured and predicted temperature profiles using thermocouples located within the heat affected zone. Thus, an inverse method was implemented to obtain the parameters fitting for the grain growth evolution compatible with the final microstructure and grain size measured using SEM images and stereological techniques. We demonstrated that very small amount of non-equilibrium deleterious phases and nanosized precipitated are expected during the welding procedures depending upon the local conditions of temperature, compositions and alloying dilution evolutions.